Nexus Howto
In order to do anything with a Nexus phone, the first thing you'll need is a working android development framework. This guide is the only one I've found geared toward doing this in a Linux environment, which seems sort of ridiculous, since Android is a linux based platform.
In order to perform any advanced tasks on your Nexus, you'll need to first enable developer options.
In order to flash a custom recovery image, you'll need to Unlock the Bootloader.
Once your Nexus is unlocked, you can move on to Flashing a Recovery Image.
After your recovery image has been flashed to the device, you can move onto the true goal, achieving root access.
If the root binaries have been installed, you should clear cache and restore factory settings before booting into your newly rooted Nexus.